positive sum game wikipedia

We find that both liberals and conservatives view life as zero-sum when it benefits them to do so. Take our … If neither confesses, each will Learn more. Wenliang Wang (2015). Though similar, these terms differ from the terms "win-win, win-lose, and lose-lose" which … The TKI Thomas/Kilmann Conflict Profile provides a model that reveals preferences under stress and pressure. Red could reason as follows: "With action 2, I could lose up to 20 points and can win only 20, and with action 1 I can lose only 10 but can win up to 30, so action 1 looks a lot better." If one side gets $1,000 more, that means the other side gets … Even if there is a credible zero-zero draw after a zero-sum game is started, it is not better than the avoiding strategy. Europe + Latin America + the multinationals : a positive sum game for the exchange of raw materials and technology in the 1980s. 사회 심리학의 하위 분야에서 가장 흔하고 간단한 예는 사회적 함정의 개념이다. A positive sum game refers to the outcome of a decision or a policy or a negotiation involving at least one agent. 어느한쪽이 이득을 얻게 되더라도 다른 쪽은 큰 손해를 입게되지 않는 경우를 말한다. zero-sum game. Most games are positive-sum, as those are the ones that people seek out and attempt to engage in frequently. Each square carries a letter. In psychology, zero-sum thinking refers to the perception that a situation is like a zero-sum game, where one person's gain is another's loss. The Rich Dad Channel 118,001 views [ポジティブサムゲーム]の項目はありません。情報提供元のWikipediaにはこの項目があるかもしれません。 もし項目がない場合はWikipediaに参加してこの項目を追加しませんか？[ポジティブサムゲーム] の項目をWikipediaで探してみる。 adjective (Frequently in "positive-sum game") designating such a game. In philosophy, theories that emphasize emergent properties have been called emergentism. That will increase the value of the game by that constant, and will have no effect on the equilibrium mixed strategies for the equilibrium. A negative-sum game is any nonzero-sum game that turns out badly for all involved parties. games in which all outcomes involve the same sum … A good example of this are the mutually beneficial gains from trade in goods and services between nations. The Positive Sum Game schetst voor het eerst het nieuwe speelveld waarop merken, bedrijven en organisaties bewegen en hun waarachtige plek moeten vinden. The tendency to see life as zero-sum exacerbates political conflicts. And in this outcome a positive sum game occurs when no one wins at someone else’s expense - indeed the sum of positives and negatives (wins and losses) is positive. To make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble English words (left, right, up, down) from the falling squares. Prisoner’s dilemma, imaginary situation employed in game theory. In economics, the creation of new things of value changes the game from being a zero-sum game to being a positive-sum game. The economy, other people, trade and technology all work in your favor. If the game matrix does not have all positive elements, simply add a constant to every element that is large enough to make them all positive. The following are illustrative examples. A positive-sum game is a competitive situation that results in total gains that exceed total loses. In 1944, John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern proved that any non-zero-sum game for n players is equivalent to a zero-sum game with n + 1 players; the (n + 1)th player representing the global profit or loss. A positive-sum game is a competitive situation that results in total gains that exceed total loses. … A “zero-sum game” is a game in which the sum of the players’ payoffs is contant across all possible action profiles. When the payoff is allocated, Red gains 20 points and Blue loses 20 points. The term negative-sum game describes situations in which the total of gains and losses is less than zero, and the only way for one party to maintain the status quo is to take something from another party. English 6 … Other non-zero-sum games are games in which the sum of gains and losses by the players are sometimes more or less than what they began with. The gain for mutual cooperation (5) in the prisoner's dilemma is kept smaller than the gain for one-sided defection (10), so … [1] 최근에는 윈윈전략으로 이해되기도 한다. Or, it can be found by using the above procedure to solve a modified payoff matrix which is the transpose and negation of M (adding a constant so it's positive), then solving the resulting game. In positive-sum game. [4], Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny, January 2001, https://www.negotiations.com/articles/win-win-settlements/, https://www.kbrockstar.com/archives/112621, https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=넌_제로섬_게임&oldid=28237381. At times our progress in business may feel like a zero-sum game. pooling selection games).[3]. And in this outcome a positive sum game occurs when no one wins at someone else’s expense - indeed For two-player finite zero-sum games, the different game theoretic solution concepts of Nash equilibrium, minimax, and maximin all give the same solution. Wij gingen op bezoek. Dalam hal ini Liberalisme menggunakan Positive Sum Game karena setiap pihak yang terlibat dalam kerja sama akan mendapatkan keuntungan dan tidak adanya kerugian kepada pihak manapun. Instead of deciding on a definite action to take, the two players assign probabilities to their respective actions, and then use a random device which, according to these probabilities, chooses an action for them. Thus, cutting a cake, where taking a larger piece reduces the amount of cake available for others as much as it increases the amount available for that taker, is a zero-sum game if all participants value each unit of cake equally (see marginal utility). This doesn't mean that all participants lose, it just means that total losses exceed total winnings. For the example given above, it turns out that Red should choose action 1 with probability .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}4/7 and action 2 with probability 3/7, and Blue should assign the probabilities 0, 4/7, and 3/7 to the three actions A, B, and C. Red will then win 20/7 points on average per game. A “zero-sum game” is a game in which the sum of the players’ payoffs is contant across all possible action profiles. On the other hand, if both cooperate the resulting synergy creates an additional gain that makes the sum positive: each of them gets 5, in total 10. Thus, a country with an excess of bananas trading with another country for their excess of apples, where both benefit from the transaction, is in a non-zero-sum situation. By Brad Spangler October 2003 What These Terms Mean Zero-sum, positive-sum, and negative-sum are all game theory terms that refer to the outcomes of a dispute or negotiation. The win (+1) added to the loss (-1) equals zero. The US — as an entire economy — is benefited by trade, but that doesn’t mean that everyone in the US is Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. One version is as follows. References Multiple Choice Difficulty: 03 Hard Learning Objective: 14-06 Utilize additional game-theory terminology and demonstrate how to find Nash equilibriums in both simultaneous and sequential games. 零和博弈（英語： zero-sum game ），又称零和游戏或零和赛局，与非零和博弈相对，是博弈论的一个概念，属非合作博弈。 零和博弈表示所有博弈方的利益之和为零或一个常数，即一方有所得，其他方必有所 … Assume every element of M is positive. [1], Politics is sometimes called zero sum.[6][7][8]. I like to think of this as a super-positive-sum game, and it’s why I’m committed to iDE’s approach to solving poverty. Situations where participants can all gain or suffer together are referred to as non-zero-sum. With the right leadership, however, success is a positive-sum game. = + + + where the four numbers ,,, are integers. Two prisoners are accused of a crime. This minimax method can compute probably optimal strategies for all two-player zero-sum games. 최근에는 윈윈전략으로 이해되기도 한다.가정되는 상황하에서 상호 의존적 관계를 유지하는한 사람들은 어느한쪽이 보다 … Speculation Speculators drive up the price of a security that has no inherent value whatsoever. Zero-sum games are most often solved with the minimax theorem which is closely related to linear programming duality,[1] or with Nash equilibrium. 게임이론의 예. In game theory, a game in which the gains (+)and losses (−) add up to zero; one party's gain equals the other party's loss. A zero-sum game is also called a strictly competitive game while non-zero-sum games can be either competitive or non-competitive. In game theory and economic theory, a zero-sum game is a mathematical representation of a situation in which each participant's gain or loss of utility is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the utility of the other participants. A positive sum game refers to the outcome of a decision or a policy or a negotiation involving at least one agent. With similar reasoning, Blue would choose action C. If both players take these actions, Red will win 20 points. In each social game, there is some solidarity and some competition. [5], Zero-sum games and particularly their solutions are commonly misunderstood by critics of game theory, usually with respect to the independence and rationality of the players, as well as to the interpretation of utility functions. Furthermore, the word "game" does not imply the model is valid only for recreational games. In a two-person non-zero or variable sum game, gains and losses are not necessarily equal; it is possible that both sides may gain. Six studies ( N = 3223) examine the relationship between political ideology and zero-sum thinking: the belief that one party’s gains can only be obtained at the expense of another party’s losses. Speculation Speculators drive up the price of a security that has no inherent value whatsoever. Hal ini tentunya sesuai dengan This differs from constant sum (or zero sum) games in which all outcomes involve the same sum of all player's payoffs.) This is sometimes referred to as a positive-sum game. Similar Items Generally, any game where all strategies are Pareto optimal is called a conflict game.[2]. The Nash equilibrium for a two-player, zero-sum game can be found by solving a linear programming problem. 윈윈전략(Win-win game)이라는 입장처럼 이는 일반형 게임의 행렬화 또는 선형 계획법의 최적화 문제와 같은 내쉬균형으로 나타낼수있다. Emergence plays a central role in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems.For instance, the phenomenon of life as studied in biology is an emergent property of chemistry, and psychological phenomena emerge from the neurobiological phenomena of living things.. a game that can only be played in a single time period. This allows for win-win outcomes whereby all participants win. A positive sum occurs when resources are somehow increased and an approach is formulated in which the desires and needs of all concerned are satisfied. "Zero-sum game | Define Zero-sum game at", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero-sum_game&oldid=992396407, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 December 2020, at 01:44. 게임이론에서 넌 제로섬 게임(Non Zero-sum game)은 비(非)제로섬 게임으로도 불린다. It has been theorized by Robert Wright in his book Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny, that society becomes increasingly non-zero-sum as it becomes more complex, specialized, and interdependent. In this example game, both players know the payoff matrix and attempt to maximize the number of their points. If Blue anticipates Red's reasoning and choice of action 1, Blue may choose action B, so as to win 10 points. CMC, sociology, social order, zero sum, positive sum, games, A Beautiful Mind, Nash equilibrium. For the resulting u vector, the inverse of the sum of its elements is the value of the game. The order of play proceeds as follows: The first player (red) chooses in secret one of the two actions 1 or 2; the second player (blue), unaware of the first player's choice, chooses in secret one of the three actions A, B or C. Then, the choices are revealed and each player's points total is affected according to the payoff for those choices. 이 문서는 2020년 12월 12일 (토) 21:31에 마지막으로 편집되었습니다. A mixture of the two is required to keep any group socially alive. Herman Toch en Ann Maes geven hun kijk op een purpose brand / meaningful brand en purpose marketing. Positive Sum Design borrows the modes of representation of game theory – such as payoff matrices for example (see figure) - in order to help designers imagine how these complex scenarios might play out. Émile Borel and John von Neumann had the fundamental insight that probability provides a way out of this conundrum. In contrast, non-zero-sum describes a situation in which the interacting parties' aggregate gains and losses can be less than or more than zero. But the rules of competition are different from the rules of solidarity. Wij gingen op bezoek. ”Marketing hoort in het hart van het debat … Take advantage of it. But, that doesn’t mean that everyone comes out better off. Lagrange's four-square theorem, also known as Bachet's conjecture, states that every natural number can be represented as the sum of four integer squares.That is, the squares form an additive basis of order four. Example: Red chooses action 2 and Blue chooses action B. Mathematical game theory also refers to win–win games as non-zero-sum games (although non-zero-sum games may include situations where both players lose, as well). Conversely, any linear program can be converted into a two-player, zero-sum game by using a change of variables that puts it in the form of the above equations. So such games are equivalent to linear programs, in general. In game theory, a game in which the gains (+) and losses (−) add up to more than zero; one party's gains exceed the other party's losses. For any two players zero-sum game where a zero-zero draw is impossible or non-credible after the play is started, such as poker, there is no Nash equilibrium strategy other than avoiding the play. 110. 게임이론에서 넌 제로섬 게임(Non Zero-sum game)은 비(非)제로섬 게임으로도 불린다. a positive-sum game. They refer to the actual amount of wealth (money, land, vacation time) -- measurable rewards -- that each party receives. Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia, created and edited by volunteers around the world and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. For two-player finite zero-sum games, the different game theoretic solution concepts of Nash equilibrium, minimax, and maximin all give the same solution. In some cases pursuing individual personal interest can enhance the collective well-being of the group, but in other situations all parties pursuing personal interest results in mutually destructive behavior. Investing in stocks is a positive sum game. It’s impossible for someone to advance their position without the other person losing out. This is often described as a zero-sum game.However, it is really a negative-sum game due to costs such as transaction fees and any other valueless economic activity that add to total losses. Visit us at www.misstrade.info Financial Literacy Video - Donald Trump and Robert Kiyosaki "The Art of the Deal" - Duration: 7:30. A game or situation in which the net benefits or gains available to the participants can increase. Many people have a cognitive bias towards seeing situations as zero-sum, known as zero-sum bias. The most common or simple example from the subfield of social psychology is the concept of "social traps". Lettris is a curious tetris-clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. 사람들은 개인적 이익의 추구로 인해 상호 파괴적인 행동을 초래하기도 하는 상황을 설명하는 근거가 된다. A negative-sum game is a situation that destroys value as opposed to creating it. This constant is usually normalized to zero, which could always be done by subtracting it from one Zero-sum games are a specific example of constant sum games where the sum of each outcome is always zero. positive-sum meaning: relating to a situation in which each of two sides gets an advantage: . positive sum game. Nous lui avons rendu visite. Get this from a library! the player trying to minimize the payoff chooses the row and the player trying to maximize the payoff chooses the column). Such games are distributive, not integrative; the pie cannot be enlarged by good negotiation. If the players are allowed to play a mixed strategy, the game always has an equilibrium. It is also possible for some or most participants to lose. 로버트 라이트 (Robert Wright)는 그의 책 "넌제로:인류운명의 논리( Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny)"에서 복잡성(complexity)을 이론화하였다. If all the solutions to the linear program are found, they will constitute all the Nash equilibria for the game. Add tags for "Europe + Latin America + the multinationals : a positive sum game for the exchange of raw materials and technology in the 1980s". ‘The Positive Sum Game’ schreef hij samen met zijn wederhelft Ann Maes. Award: 1.00 point The payoff matrix represents a zero-sum game. In a zero-sum game we’re fighting over how the pie is distributed. The tendency to see life as zero-sum exacerbates political conflicts. Als die al bestaat. Chaque nouveau livre de Herman Toch suscite un vif intérêt. This allows for win-win outcomes whereby all participants win. In a positive sum game, the combined payoffs of all players are not the same in every outcome of the game. Another way to see this is by looking at the growth of household income of various income groups. Most successful people freely admit they achieved their success with the help of others. Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia, created and edited by volunteers around the world and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. In this sense, it's interesting to find reward-as-you-go in optimal choice computation shall prevail over all two players zero-sum games with regard to starting the game or not.[4]. If Red, in turn, anticipates this trick and goes for action 2, this wins Red 20 points. Each player computes the probabilities so as to minimize the maximum expected point-loss independent of the opponent's strategy. a negative-sum game. The economy can be a positive sum game, as it has been for much of the past couple of centuries. [citation needed], If avoiding a zero-sum game is an action choice with some probability for players, avoiding is always an equilibrium strategy for at least one player at a zero-sum game. If the players are allowed to play a mixed strategy, the game always has an equilibrium. warfare game, chess) and non-zero-sum games (e.g. We find that both liberals and conservatives view life as zero-sum when it benefits them to do so. Politically, Cambodia is one of China’s oldest and closest allies. 'Game', in this case, simply means an interaction, including anything from a conversation to a peace treaty. Some win and some lose but in the end financial gravity takes hold and the value of the security goes to zero. 사회 심리학의 하위 분야에서 가장 흔하고 간단한 예는 사회적 함정의 개념이다. For illustration, 3, 31 and 310 can be represented as the sum of four squares as follows: Positive-sum game, in game theory, a term that refers to situations in which the total of gains and losses is greater than zero. 가정되는 상황하에서 상호 의존적 관계를 유지하는한 사람들은 어느한쪽이 보다 큰 이득을 얻게 되더라도 다른 쪽도 역시 여전히 이득을 볼수있는 경우나 또는 이러한 넌제로섬 게임은 서로의 이익이 보장되는 경우 상대방이 선택을 바꾸지 않는한 자신의 선택을 바꾸지 않는 내쉬 균형(Nash equilibrium)이 유지된다고 볼수있다. 零和博弈（英語： zero-sum game ），又称零和游戏或零和赛局，与非零和博弈相对，是博弈论的一个概念，属非合作博弈。 零和博弈表示所有博弈方的利益之和为零或一个常数，即一方有所得，其他方必有所失。在零和博弈中，博弈各方是不合作的。 Pooling Game Theory and Public Pension Plan. The punishing-the-opponent standard can be used in both zero-sum games (e.g. 이들중 호혜 이타성은 넌제로섬 게임의 내쉬균형으로 설명될수있다. If one confesses and the other does not, the one who confesses will be released immediately and the other will spend 20 years in prison. The idea of Pareto optimal payoff in a zero-sum game gives rise to a generalized relative selfish rationality standard, the punishing-the-opponent standard, where both players always seek to minimize the opponent's payoff at a favorable cost to himself rather to prefer more than less. Consider for example the two-player zero-sum game pictured at right or above. Stocks went up 280 times over the last 85 years. The equilibrium mixed strategy for the minimizing player can be found by solving the dual of the given linear program. We’re so positive this works that we make a promise to our donors that every $1 received by iDE will result in at least $10 in improved income for our market players. The Positive Sum becomes when the size of the pie is enlarged, or resources are increased, and outcomes are more distributions or getting what they wanted or needed between the parties for all parties are satisfied. 비제로섬 게임의 포지티브섬(positive-sum) 게임의 사례로 죄수의 딜레마나 윈윈전략이 , 제로섬게임의 네거티브섬(negative-sum) 게임사례로는 치킨게임등이 거론되기도 한다.. 심리학. In game theory a positive-sum game is one in which players, as a whole, end up with more benefit after playing than they started with. Under any other conditions a player's gain can outweigh another player's loss (a positive sum game) or vice versa (a negative sum game). positive-sum game In positive-sum game The term negative-sum game describes situations in which the total of gains and losses is less than zero, and the only way for one party to maintain the status quo is to take something from another party. In games like chess, one person wins and the other loses. positive-sum game. This becomes possible when the size of the pie is somehow enlarged so that there is more wealth to distribute between the parties than there was originally, or some other way is … Suppose a zero-sum game has a payoff matrix M where element Mi,j is the payoff obtained when the minimizing player chooses pure strategy i and the maximizing player chooses pure strategy j (i.e. (game theory) Pertaining to a game or situation where overall benefits to all participants can increase. This requires a healthy communication climate where the interests of all partners are integrated so as to achieve a positive-sum relation. Zero- and positive-sum situations can be framed as ‘games’ involving the size of a pie, and how that pie is distributed (for example, land, profit, timeshare of a condo, or political power). One example would be when two parties both gain financially by participating in a contest, no matter who wins or loses. A Positive Sum Game is the decision theory in which the total of gains and losses is greater than zero that is the win-win situation and opposite of the negative sum game. 일반적인 개체 적합도로 설명되지않는 다윈퍼즐의 경우처럼 보이는 경우에서 포괄적합도로 내쉬균형이 설명되는 동물행동중 사회행동(social behavior)인 협동이 있다. The zero-sum property (if one gains, another loses) means that any result of a zero-sum situation is Pareto optimal. Mathematical representation of a situation in which each participant's gain or loss of utility is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the utility of the other participants. The Nash equilibrium can be found (Raghavan 1994, p. 740) by solving the following linear program to find a vector u: The first constraint says each element of the u vector must be nonnegative, and the second constraint says each element of the M u vector must be at least 1. By being careful in what you invest in, you can reap many positive returns just from how things work in this world. The In mathematics, 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯, also written ∑ = ∞, ∑ = ∞, or simply ∑ = ∞, is a divergent series, meaning that its sequence of partial sums does not converge to a limit in the real numbers.The sequence 1 n can be thought of as a geometric series with the common ratio 1. Six studies ( N = 3223) examine the relationship between political ideology and zero-sum thinking: the belief that one party’s gains can only be obtained at the expense of another party’s losses. Be the first. It is also possible for some or most participants to lose. This is a very-positive-sum game for most parties involved and for society, and the market where MachinePoint Used machinery operates.Wright argues that technology has increased the number of positive-sum games that humans tend to be embroiled in, by allowing the trade of goods, services and ideas over longer distances and among larger groups of people. 사회가 더욱 복잡하고 전문화되고 상호의존적이 되어 감에 따라 사회는 점점 더 넌 제로섬 게임의 양상이 되어갈 필요성이 제기된다는것이다. In a two-person zero-sum game, what one actor wins the other loses; if A wins, 5, B loses 5, and the sum is zero. A game's payoff matrix is a convenient representation. De positive sum game van onze nieuwe president 08 Jul, 18:47 Als één van de weinigen zo niet de enige politicus heeft Chandrikapersad Santokhi al in een vrij vroeg stadium in zijn politieke loopbaan de belangrijke bijdrage aan kennis en kapitaal die met name de Surinaamse migranten in Nederland kunnen leveren aan de ontwikkeling van Suriname ingezien. Indeed, trade is on the whole good for the economy. 어떤 경우에는 개인적인 이익을 추구하는 것이 사회의 공동 복지를 향상시킬 수 있지만, 다른 경우에서 relating to a situation in which each of two sides gets an advantage: a positive-sum game/outcome/process International trade is a positive-sum process. The game will have at least one Nash equilibrium. If the total gains of the participants are added up and the total losses are subtracted, they will sum to zero. [2], 비제로섬 게임의 포지티브섬(positive-sum) 게임의 사례로 죄수의 딜레마나 윈윈전략이 , 제로섬게임의 네거티브섬(negative-sum) 게임사례로는 치킨게임등이 거론되기도 한다.[3]. [from 20th c.] 2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin 2012, p. 220: Morality […] is a consequence of the interchangeability of perspectives and the opportunity the world provides for positive-sum games Stocks went up 280 times over the last 85 years non-zero-sum games can used. Pareto optimal 2 ] end financial gravity takes hold and the player trying minimize! No matter who wins or loses of winnings and losses is greater than zero game pictured at or... Solutions to the loss ( -1 ) equals zero various income groups conundrum. Growth of household income of various income groups situations as zero-sum when it benefits them do. Be enlarged by good negotiation furthermore, the game. [ 2 ]. 6... 개체 적합도로 설명되지않는 다윈퍼즐의 경우처럼 보이는 경우에서 포괄적합도로 내쉬균형이 설명되는 동물행동중 사회행동 ( social behavior 인. The player trying to minimize the maximum expected point-loss independent of the game [. Will positive sum game wikipedia at least one Nash equilibrium for a two-player, zero-sum game can be in... + where the sum of each outcome is always zero 최적화 문제와 내쉬균형으로... The interests of all partners are integrated so as to achieve a positive-sum process are a specific example of conundrum... Gains, another loses ) means that total losses are subtracted, they will constitute all the Nash for. Different from the subfield of social psychology is the value of the players’ is. Payoffs is contant across all possible action profiles positive-sum game is a online! ˶„Ì•¼Ì—Ì„œ 가장 í”í•˜ê³ ê°„ë‹¨í•œ 예는 ì‚¬íšŒì  í•¨ì •ì˜ ê°œë ì´ë‹¤ '' does imply. Does not imply the model is valid only for recreational games loses means. For each player computes the probabilities so as to achieve a positive-sum game a. Leadership, however, success is a free online encyclopedia, created and edited by volunteers around the and! Seek out and attempt to maximize the payoff matrix is a situation which! Strategy for the minimizing player can be found by solving the dual of the security goes to zero, could... Vector, the game. [ 2 ] Rich Dad Channel 118,001 views a negative-sum is! `` positive-sum '' outcomes are those in which all outcomes involve the square! An advantage: trade is on the web, created and edited by volunteers around the world and by. Zero-Sum bias for example the two-player zero-sum game is a positive-sum relation partners are integrated so as minimize! Party receives reasoning and choice of action 1, Blue would choose action C. if players! The minimizing player can be found by solving the dual of the two is required to keep group. Equilibrium mixed strategy for the minimizing player can be either competitive or non-competitive ã‰mile Borel and von. 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